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But Microsoft, a huge company even then, was able to iterate its software faster as the web changed, implementing new technologies like CSS (cascading style sheets-the code that ensures the web is more than just bland pages of text) before Netscape could.
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Its only real competitor was Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, which first launched with Windows 95. Andreessen and his team left the research facility at UIUC to start Netscape, the company that produced the first web browser many people ever used: Netscape Navigator.īy the mid-1990s, Netscape had about 80% of the browser market in the US and Europe.
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But it wasn’t until a team of former students at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen, created the Mosaic web browser in 1993 that the web started to take off.
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Seeing the value in what Berners-Lee and his team had created, CERN opened up the software for the web to the public domain, meaning anyone could use it and build upon it.īerners-Lee also created the first website browser (initially called WorldWideWeb and then renamed Nexus). Berners-Lee, who in 1989 was a researcher working at CERN, the Swiss nuclear research facility, came up with the concept of the World Wide Web, a decentralized repository of information, linked together and shareable with anyone who could connect to it.
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We may not have moved beyond the internet of the early 1990s were it not for Tim Berners-Lee, who was looking for an easier way to find and share research. By the late-1980s, schools in around 25 countries had connected to the network-in 1983, the US military was given its own branch of ARPANET, called MILNET, for secure communications, allowing other research and communication to take place on ARPANET. Over the 1980s, a grant from the US National Science Foundation allowed smaller universities to connect to ARPANET to share information with those who couldn’t directly connect to the network. Around the same time, computer scientist Ray Tomlinson, working at the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman (now part of Raytheon), created the original version of email then-Stanford professor and future “ father of the internet” Vint Cerf coined the term “internet” to talk about this growing network of interconnected computers. ARPANET relied on leased telephone lines, much like the commercial internet did in the years that followed. Essentially, they were the earliest versions of the modern router. In the early days, these systems used Interface Message Processors (IMPs), which were computers designed to organize and receive the data coming in and out of the network. Photo by Apic/Getty Images Map from 1972 showing the communication centers and relays (nodes) of new communication systems ARPANET (Remember that next time Facebook goes down for a few minutes.) The first message sent was the word “lo ” the researchers were trying to type the word “login” and the system crashed after two letters. There would’ve been a small station with a keyboard and a very basic monitor, but much of the data for the machine would’ve been stored on punch cards.
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The machine, like its offspring that helped the first people land on the Moon, was not like the computer we know today: It took up a large portion of the room it was in and consisted of a series of cabinets with reel-to-reel tapes, flashing buttons, and toggle switches. SDS, or Scientific Data Systems, an early US computer company staffed by Packard Bell alums, built that first computer that connected to the network. The SDS Sigma 7, which cost $700,000 in the mid-1960s ($4.8 million in today’s dollars) was used by the University of California, Los Angeles to send the first message over ARPANET to Stanford University. The computers used to connect this nascent network together were gargantuan by today’s standards. The Norwegian system then connected to computers in London, and eventually, other parts of Europe. By the mid-1970s, ARPANET had connected to NORSAR, a US-Norwegian system designed to monitor seismic activity from earthquakes or nuclear blasts, over satellite. ARPANET eventually connected military installations, third-party contractors, and a handful of universities in the US. The military’s research arm, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), began work on a communication project, which led to the creation of ARPANET, one of the earliest iterations of computers talking to each other on a network. The internet traces its roots to a US defense department project in the 1960s born out of (pdf) the Cold War, and a desire to have armed forces communicate over a connected, distributed network.